Free Scarlet Letter Essays: Puritanistic Elements -- Scarlet Letter es

Puritanistic Elements in The Scarlet Letterâ â Strictness was the religion drilled by the individuals of frontier Boston, the setting for Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.â It is a result of the convictions of the Puritan religion that Hester Prynne, the primary character in The Scarlet Letter, is alienated from the community.â Puritan beliefs are regularly raised in the book.â Although Hawthorne never comprehensively expresses his situation on Puritanism, it appears to be evident that he approves of the religion. The story starts with Hester in prison for adultery.â She is introduced as a solid womanâ€she holds her head high and doesn't attempt to conceal the letter.â She confronts her discipline, and neither the observers nor her imply that she is being dealt with unfairly.â It appears to be weird that everybody would concur upon Hester’s sentence, since everyone seldom concedes to anything.â Because Hawthorne never talks straightforwardly to the peruser about his own feelings, it must be deduced from the characters what he thinks.â Thus, since Hester’s discipline is overlooked by everybody, it must be accepted t...

Counseling process1 Essay Example For Students

Guiding process1 Essay Review of Counseling and Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is the treatment of people with passionate issues, social issues, or psychological sickness basically through verbal correspondence. At one time the term psychotherapy alluded to a type of mental treatment utilized with seriously upset people. Advising, then again, alludes to the treatment of individuals with milder mental issues or to counsel given on professional and instructive issues. Guiding therapists for the most part work in schools or modern firms, exhorting and helping individuals. Today the differentiation among psychotherapy and guiding is very obscured, and numerous emotional well-being experts utilize the terms conversely. Psychotherapy is a significant type of treatment for some sorts of mental issues. In many sorts of psychotherapy, just as guiding, an individual talks about their issues one-on-one with an advisor. The advisor attempts to comprehend the people issues and to help the individual change troubling contemplations, sentiments, or practices. Individuals frequently look for psychotherapy when they have attempted different methodologies, such as guiding, to taking care of an individual issue. For instance, individuals who are discouraged, restless, or have medication or liquor issues may find that conversing with companions or relatives isn't sufficient to determine their issues. Some of the time individuals might need to converse with an advisor about issues they would feel awkward talking about with companions or family, for example, being explicitly manhandled as a kid. Finding an advisor to converse with who is educated about enthusiastic issues, has patients eventual benefits on the most fundamental level, and is generally goal can be incredibly useful. Psychotherapy varies in two different ways from advising or from the casual assistance or counsel that one individual may give another. Initial, a prepared, guaranteed, or authorized advisor conducts psychotherapy. Moreover, treatment techniques in psychotherapy are guided by all around created hypotheses about the wellsprings of individual issues. The idea of guiding, then again, is basically liberal in that the suppositions hidden its hypothesis and practice are, first, that every individual has the option to shape his own predetermination and second, that the moderately develop and experienced individuals from the network are answerable for guaranteeing that every individual decision will serve the two his own advantages and those of the general public to which he has a place. Anyone can offer guidance to any individual who needs it. Subsequently, advising can happen anyplace and at whenever. The advocate doesn't endeavor, nonetheless, to take care of the people issues for him. Modification is an individual issue that every individual must find for himself, and the guide for the most part attempts to explain the people own reasoning with the goal that he can be ensured the satisfaction of his own needs and yearnings. Psychological wellness experts concur that the adequacy of treatment depends to an enormous degree on the nature of the connection between the customer and specialist. All in all, the better the compatibility is among specialist and customer, the better the result of treatment. In the event that an individual doesn't believe an advisor enough to depict profoundly close to home issues, the specialist will experience difficulty helping the individual change and improve. For customers, believing that the specialist can give assistance to their issues is fundamental for gaining ground. The organizer of individual focused treatment, Carl Rogers, accepted that the most significant characteristics in a specialist are being veritable, tolerating, and empathic. Practically all specialists today would concur that these characteristics are significant. Being certified implies that specialists care for the customer and act toward the customer as they truly feel. Being tolerating implies that advisors ought to acknowledge customers for what their identity is, in spite of the things that they may have done. Specialists don't need to concur with customers, however they should acknowledge them. .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e , .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e .postImageUrl , .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e , .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e:hover , .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e:visited , .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e:active { border:0!important; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e:active , .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u6f9e 87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u6f9e87c81f6f45c07f537d55a6b10f2e:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Wetland Conservation Essay Being empathic methods those advisors comprehend the customers sentiments and encounters and pass on this comprehension back to the customer. What is progressively powerful at that point? Psychotherapy or guiding? This inquiry has been fervently bantered for quite a long time, and research on this issue presents numerous troubles. In leading examinations that look at changed treatments, analysts try to ensure that every treatment bunch is as comparable as could reasonably be expected. For instance, analysts may confine the gatherings to individuals with a similar seriousness of sadness. Moreover, inside every treatment gathering, analysts attempt to ensure that specialists are utilizing similar methods and are prepared comparatively. Notwithstanding, patients don't come to .

Econometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Econometrics - Essay Example d) Assume that you run a relapse with 223 perceptions. The needy variable is ‘annual salary’ and there are 3 autonomous factors ‘work involvement with years’, ‘education length in years’ and ‘number of representatives in company’. The relapse yields following outcome for the variable ‘number of representatives in company’: e) A specialist needs to see if age affects how cheerful individuals are. The analyst runs a relapse with the needy variable ‘happiness score’ (0 to 10 with 10 being amazingly fulfilled) and the free factor ‘age’ (in years). The demonstrating results show that age isn't critical. You additionally view the leftover plot (demonstrated as follows). It would be ideal if you clarify why the remaining plot shows that the relapse created by the scientist is misdirecting. Talk about what relationship you expect among age and bliss. Blueprint how you could function this into the underlying relapse display and thus, improve it (10 imprints). From the examination of the leftover beneath it very well may be seen that the residua are even. The remaining additionally have steady fluctuation. This implies the suspicion of steady difference is satisfied. We in this manner anticipate a noteworthy connection between the age and joy. To improve the underlying relapse model, we would guarantee that different factors that impact the joy are brought into the relapse model. f) You need to realize whether individuals with higher wages are more joyful. Your companion has run a review in their organization and run a relapse on the information. The needy variable is ‘happiness score’ (0 to 10 with 10 being very fulfilled). There is just a single free factor: ‘monthly income’ (in  £). Your companion sends you the gretl yield of the relapse through email. Sadly, the document got debased and just the basic F-esteem is intelligible (see underneath). Utilizing this yield, show that ‘monthly income’ is undoubtedly profoundly critical (give

In What, After All, Does Happiness Consist for Aristotle Is He Right Essay

In What, After All, Does Happiness Consist for Aristotle Is He Right - Essay Example As it were, good prudence, anyway it is achieved, will bring joy. He partitions merchandise into three classes, An individual who cherishes equity, or ethicalness will discover delight in completing just or prudent acts. Hence a prudent individual will discover bliss in both himself and in following up on his own integrity, and afterward be glad. Aristotle further clarifies that such bliss needs 'outside products' on the grounds that an individual must be outfitted with certain different fixings to perform respectable acts. He refers to companions, political influence and riches, which can be utilized to accomplish this bliss, and incorporates certain perspectives which may be depicted as carrying on with an 'enchanted life' in current terms. Having honorable birth, magnificence, great youngsters, etc, all assistance to empower an individual to live well, (figure upright considerations, do great acts) thus satisfy an individual. The induction at that point is that on the off chance that somebody is terrible, childless, poor or desolate, they have minimal possibility of satisfaction. be in. In any case, he believes that to study and become of good character is the favored strategy, prompting honorable acts, total uprightness and a total life. Aristotle recognizes that changes experienced all through life may topple the joy yet reasons that the highminded exercises of man are the most dependable and perpetual, for by deduction uprightly and acting along these lines, he is really acceptable, and by surmising, and truth be told, cheerful. Such an individual, portrayed in Chapter 10, will have the option to take what life tosses at him, handle it as a result of his 'honorability and significance of soul' (Bk. 1 Chp. 10, 350BC), consistently be upbeat, even in life following death. In Chapter 11 he says 'the favored dead won't be influenced by fortunate or unfortunate fortunes of those abandoned, their glad state is protected' (Bk. 1 Chp 11, 350BC). (He thought about that what befalls the living encroaches on the dead). The speculation here would appear to be that reasoning acceptable contemplations, doing respectable and idealistic acts, remaining upbeat, secure in the information that one is thinking great and living admirably, makes for bliss, in this life and the following. The spirit, being the reasonable part of a person, will guarantee submission and the creation of such uprightness will result. His non-developmental idea of the universe, (nature is for what it's worth) and how man exists inside it, made his morals fit well with the lessons of the Catholic Church and later, with Christianity all in all. Genuine difficulties just emerged with the Enlightenment of the eighteenth Century and the thoughts going before it during the seventeenth. From Galileo to Darwin, and numerous others, upset his perspectives, enduring because of strict pioneers all the while. Presently, in the 21st Century, encompassed by the information on man's physical, mental and logical

Introducing How to Write a KILLER Linkedin Profile - 4th Edition!

Introducing How to Write a KILLER Linkedin Profile - 4th Edition! As you may have noticed, LinkedIn has undergone a quite a few changes in the past few months. The look of the profile has changed; endorsements have become all the rage, and Skills Expertise has overtaken the Specialties section as a place to search for people with certain capabilities. The status update section has moved, the Events application is on its way out, and the guidelines for a “100% complete” profile have shifted. I’m happy to announce that after many revisions and a lot of help from my Virtual Assistant Jeanne Goodman and publisher Brian Schwartz, the 4th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile is completely updated to reflect these recent changes. It also contains special coupon codes for e-book readers, new tips on how to create a modern, punchy look with graphics, and new bonus tips for both companies and job seekers. In the spirit of this holiday season, I am VERY thankful to Jeanne and Brian for making this edition possible, and full of gratitude to have this puppy out the door: Get the pdf 4th Edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile! Remember, if you purchase the PDF version of the e-book, you also receive FREE lifetime updates. Get the Kindle version 4th Edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile! The 4thedition of your e-book is great! So much better than editions 12!” Patrick Gallagher, Author of LinkedIn Secrets Revealed If you already own a copy of my e-book and would like to express *your* thanks for how it has helped you create a KILLER profile, please take a moment to provide your feedback! Posting a review on Amazon is a powerful way to tell the world what you thought of the information received, what value it had for you and how it changed your profile. And while youre there, you can check out what others are saying! Post a review here! As a special incentive, if you email us with a link to your Amazon review, your name will be entered in a monthly drawing to win Mary Elizabeth Bradfords Job Search Success System (winner of a 2011 CDI Career Innovator Award and a $97 value!). Check it out here. I also have a Facebook page dedicated solely to How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile and LinkedIn appreciators around the world. If you found a way to improve your online presence with any of the tips from my e-book, please drop by and my KILLER LinkedIn Facebook page. Thank you!

Macintosh vs IBM Essay

Macintosh or IBM – Which One is Better? There are literally millions of people that use personal computers at office and in their homes. In the past mainframes and minicomputers were way beyond the reach of the common man. But the invention of the PC totally revolutionized the way that computers are used. It made the computer affordable and accessible to almost everyone. The two most popular PCs in use today are the Macintosh and the IBM. Although there are other brands, these two are the most widely used in the world today. Despite the fact that IBM has a much wider user base, people who have used Macintosh PC would insist that the latter one is definitely better. While it might be true to a certain extent, the IBM PC has been fast catching up with the Macintosh in both quality and functionality. Things were far different, however, just a decade ago. The Macintosh was miles ahead in performance, usability and even looks. But the gap has been narrowing considerably, although the IBM PC still has a lot to catch up to do in several areas. There is no doubt that Macintosh set the trend for most of the features we enjoy today in a PC. The graphical user interface, the vibrant color displays and different typefaces and fonts that we take for granted today have all been developed by Apple, the creator of Macintosh. In the early days of the company, Steve Jobs, the co-founder, chairman and CEO of Apple, once visited Xerox’s facility at the Palo Alto Research Center, where research was being conducted on a GUI. He was inspired by what he saw there and then incorporated much of it in the development of the Macintosh interface. Today, both Macintosh and IBM have advanced GUIs, although Mac is still slightly ahead in terms of innovation and style.

Efforts to Save the Snow Leopard - 610 Words

Do you know about the Snow Leopard? I am pretty sure when you think about the about the Snow Leopard there’s probably an image of Tai Lung, the bad snow leopard, from the movie Kung Fu Panda! In reality, the snow leopard happens to be endangered. The beautiful felon is located in the cold rugged mountains of Central Asia. The snow leopard has a thick coat that is white with a yellowish tint to it, or some may have a gray coat. The coat is covered with ringed spots of black or brown, which helps them camouflage within their environment. What help the animal travel through freezing terrain are their heavy fur paws and tails. There are 4,000 – 7,000 leopards left in the wild across twelve countries, but the numbers are declining, because of hunting and habitat loss. The reason why the snow leopard is endangered is, because of poachers, illegal hunting, climate change, and retaliation from herders. The poachers hunt down the leopards for fur, bones, and other body parts. The bones and body parts are used for traditional Asian medicine. Poachers illegally hunt them because there is a high demand for the coats, and it is used for commodity in Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and Russia. The coat of the snow leopard is used for coats to wear and for other garments. Climate change and retaliation are two of the biggest reasons why the snow leopard is close to extinction. Due to the warmer temperatures and global warming, the leopards are moving further up the mountains to higherShow MoreRelatedThe Snow Leopard760 Words   |  3 PagesEndangered Species: Snow Leopard The Snow Leopard is a big cat that is found mostly in cold high mountains. This cat is an extremely endangered animal that has many conservation programs that help try and save them from becoming extinct. There are fewer than 7,000 of them left in the world and this number continues to go down. A conversation effort made by Through the Land of Snow Project in Mongolia , is starting programs to help protect them and their natural habitat. A conservation programRead MoreSnow Leopard Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesThe Snow Leopard is an almost mythical animal. It is rarely seen and people believe that it is the guardian of the mountains. It is a symbol for some countries and it is often regarded as one of the most beautiful creatures that grace the earth. In the wild there are between 3,500 and 7,000. (Bailey, Jill) This number is not exact because Snow Leopards are very elusive and live in remote, harsh environments. In the zoos across the world there are about 600 Snow Leopards. (Bailey, Jill) The Snow LeopardRead More The Fight to Help the Snow Leopard Essay2465 Words   |  10 Pagesunder this category is the â€Å"Panthera Uncia† (Dublin, par. 1) –more commonly known as the snow leopard. 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Yearning for Peace in Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted...

Yearning for Peace in Hemingways A Clean, Well-Lighted Place While Hemingways short story A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is usually interpreted as an intensely poetic description of despair, it can with equal validity be seen instead as mankinds never ending yearning to find spiritual peace. Hemingways short story displayed this emotional journey in many different ways. First, the title itself is a symbol for mans desire to find a state of tranquillity, safety, and comfort. Hemingway also showed this in the storys setting, which was used as a symbol for a sense of order, for it was late, the cafe was empty, and the men there were at ease. Finally, Hemingway showed this desire in the contrasting actions between the†¦show more content†¦Here he was showing that in ones lowest level of despair, mans one and only desire is to find a safe haven, and to acquire a sense of security. Finding a sense of security and meaning to life was very important to Hemingway who was known to feel that the individual quest for meaningful values was a universal one, probably because Hemingway himself struggled to find the true meaning of his life, or the true sense of his purpose. The despair that Hemingway himself felt is best shown in A Clean, Well-Lighted Place when the older waiter was intertwined in a conversation with himself. He said that: It was all a nothing and a man was nothing too. It was only that and light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it was nada y pues nada y nada y pues nada (383). Nothing and then nothing. When one is in a state of despair, the only thing that one is looking for is a way out of ones situation, or a road that will lead to a peaceful end to ones feelings of hopelessness. Hemingway, however, presented a remarkable example of mans search for an end to his state of hopelessness. When one waiter commented on the deaf mans attempt at taking his own life, he said Last week he tried to commit suicide. The other waiter replied Why? Then he said, He was in despair (379). This summed up mans desire, at his lowest level of depression, to find peace,

The Never Before Told Story About College Admission Essay Topics 2015 You Really Need to Read or Be Left Out

The Never Before Told Story About College Admission Essay Topics 2015 You Really Need to Read or Be Left Out Just like all things associated with your college program, you will want to begin drafting your. Thus, the essay is supposed to coincide with the applicant's qualities and interests in order for it to boost the possibility of admission. An application essay is among the most essential components in the university application practice. The Chronicles of College Admission Essay Topics 2015 Developing an excellent college essay may lose its purpose in the event the content of what you've written is not what the university is asking for. Show how you fit in the campus culture and how you are going to affect the community through specific examples. As a candidate, you've got to showcase your nature and demonstrate to the selection committee members which you're the suitable person for their college. Learn as much information as possible concerning the institution and the se lection board. Admission officers want to find somebody to add to what Their University is. Thus, State University isn't only the ideal spot for me, it is the sole location for me. On top of its growing cultural and ethnic diversity, it is becoming a master at creating a niche for every student. The College Admission Essay Topics 2015 Trap Sharing a personal story that's pertinent to the prompt is a great approach to produce your essay stick out from the crowd. For instance, the author addresses the manner that American history classes do not generally address about the Vietnam War, though it happened just a limited time ago. If you're beginning to feel frustrated or overwhelmed by your essay, take a rest and do something different. A strong essay can provide you the very best opportunity to get in the school that you dream about. Now things started to get really intriguing. At this time, let's check out two or three examples of true college essay beginnings to demonstrate how and why the y work. There's great news and bad news in regards to college essays. After making sure you've mentioned all your ideas, it is easy to spice up the essay with a magnificent introduction and conclusion. Get your creative juices flowing by brainstorming all the potential ideas you can imagine to handle your essay question. By learning how to take things apart and critique, you will also learn to compose the statements better. Approaching controversial topics like diplomacy or spirituality is a smart idea, as it might render your essay exceptional and impressive. College Admission Essay Topics 2015 - Is it a Scam? The colleges would like to know what your dreams and aspiration are. Your college counselor can offer valuable insight into how to enhance your college application essays, so make sure to find feedback on your drafts whenever possible. School-based counselors have plenty of students to advise and are extremely busy, so find guidance early and often. College of Charleston admissions counselors have a couple methods for. Professor Mitchell obtained a grant to have a category of students to Belgium as a way to study the EU. It is not only about the topic a student chooses to write on, but instead, how they write about doing it. Telling Harvard why you would like to attend Columbia is a fast means to wind up in the no pile. The better part of the essay utilizes standard English and English grammar. There's not any reason to rush your essay. Let EssayEdge help you compose an application essay which gets noticed. Our admission essay examples can prove that we're here in order to provide simply the ideal assistance to assure you which you submit an application essay which you can be confident in. A fantastic college essay introduction is essential to making your essay stand out, so there's lots of pressure to receive it exactly perfect. Before you even begin writing the content of your college essay, there are a few essay writing basic guide that you need to always bear in mind. All you have to do is specify if you want your essay to be delivered. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be made better. Selection committee members look through plenty of papers daily, which is the reason you must avoid writing useless content. Show confidence once it concerns the subject of your paper and the specialty you prefer to study. Map out what you're likely to write by producing an outline. The outline is a quick and. Finding College Admission Essay Topics 2015 Unlike every other part of the program, you control your essay. Your essay is an exceptional reflection of who you are as an individual. Think a bit from the box when you sit down to compose your college essay. Although you ought to be creative whilst writing your essay, resist the need to find creative with the facts.

Diversity in the Workplace Essay - 2595 Words

Running head: IMPACT OF DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE McCann School of Business and Technology Janet Miller BU115 Customer Service Instructor’s Name: Mr. Andrew Roth Assignment Issue Date: April 28, 2010 Assignment Due Date: May 10, 2010 Outline Introduction to Diversity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Impact of Diversity in the Workplace†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Why is diversity beneficial to a business? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 What are the legal risks? .................................................................................................................7 Managing Diversity, in the workplace †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Identify the major stumbling b locks to communication across cultures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today.† [ (Kelli A. Green, 2002) ] Why is diversity beneficial to a business? Throughout the years companies have come to realize that there is a distinct advantage to diversity within their business, both in the corporate world as well as the retail environment. When companies hire diverse employees from different cultures they are making their company stronger and more marketable. Whether a company is just starting out or been in business for while they need to realize that diversity needs to be part of their business plan going forward. The global marketplace is built upon many different cultures from all around the world. Companies today need to be able to interact with each other in order to increase sales and promote their products to clients globally as well. Advantages of diversity in a workplace are: * Increased creativity * Increased productivity * New attitudes * New language skills * Global understanding * New process * New solutions to difficult problems Having an understanding and open mind of the perspectives of others, and identifying the major barriers to building an inclusive workplace and customer relationships is a challenge today. Working with people of many different cultures bringsShow MoreRelatedDiversity In The Workplace. . Diversity In The Workplace990 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity in the Workplace Diversity in the workplace is imperative even though some commentators argue that too much diversity can be negative. Diversity can lead to staff feeling ‘threatened or even annoyed by persons with views and backgrounds different from their own’ (Barsoux, Strebel and Manzoni, 2010). Instead of inclusivity, diversity can end up causing conflicts, as some staff are reluctant in changing their viewpoints and are less adaptable to change. The discourse relating to diversityRead MoreDiversity Of Diversity At The Workplace942 Words   |  4 PagesIn this week’s integrated article, review, I am focusing on diversity at the workplace. This is a topic very relevant and important for any organizations success. Diversity at the workplace refers to any characteristic that makes people different from one another. Today’s workforce is a diverse mix in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, generational attitudes. It is important for an organization to adopt diversity management practices to bring this diverse mix together into a stable productive unitRead MoreWorkplace Diversity And The Workplace853 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace Diversity Many outstanding articles, books, journals and papers have been written regarding the topic of workforce diversity. Some are relatively short papers such as Diversity in the Workplace published by the University of Florida, and seek to provide the reader with a basic understanding of what is meant by workplace diversity, as well as the potential benefits to both employers and employees alike. Other resources can be significantly more in-depth and explore subtopics of workplaceRead MoreDiversity At Workplace Diversity Within The Workplace3281 Words   |  14 Pages1.0 Diversity at workplace Diversity is a very extensive subject and can be in any genre or class; it is difficult to categorize because of its complex nature. According to Res (2012), diversity can be represented as a variety of human aspects pertaining to different societies and cultures in the workforce or can be explained tolerating the differences. On the contrary, diversity is a quest of differences among human beings in safe, positive and nurturing surroundings and moves beyond simple toleranceRead MoreWorkplace Diversity Of The Workplace965 Words   |  4 PagesJob’s face many struggles and challenges each and every day. Workplace diversity is something which is being talked about the most here lately. Out breaks of minimum wage, sexualities, gender, and even your skin color affects what diversity a business would want. Within the business, the professional level is set pretty high due to the superior designers making us able to dress well fashioned. When people step into a business they do not want someone that is going to walk in with a t-shirt and gymRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace964 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE Abstract Select (highlight) this text and then begin typing your abstract, which should be limited to one paragraph of not more than 120 words A Survey of Organizational Culture and its Effectiveness on Managing Diversity in the Workplace Diversity in the workplace is a relatively new concept that has been attracting considerable attention from the executives of most businesses. â€Å"Ongoing demographic trends (increasing percentages of African-AmericansRead MoreThe Diversity At The Workplace747 Words   |  3 PagesThomas (1992) entails the diversity at workplace in terms of all ancestry, ethnicity, age, gender, race, educational background, sexual orientation, marital status, religious belief, income, geographic location and work experience. The mobility in human resource trend is emerging within the competitive market that requires more strategic role on account of human resource management. Organizations may fall in dire consequences of outplaying by other competitors in strategic employment. Nowadays, workforceRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace1096 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE Diversity in the Workplace Amber Barger ORG536 – Contemporary Business Writing and Communication Colorado State University –Global Campus Dr. Phillip Jackson November 26, 2013 DIVERSITY IN THE WORKPLACE As companies start to regain their footing after the recent economic downturn, 2 factors such as the rising number of immigrants, mergers of large corporations, the popular use of temporary workers and the increasing globalization of business,Read MoreDiversity in the Workplace714 Words   |  3 PagesDiversity in the Workplace Introduction Workplaces are becoming increasingly diverse, and this is a dynamic that is causing some tension between and among employees. What are the positives and negatives of diversity in the workplace? America is a place with a great diversity of cultures, but sometimes in the workplace cultural values can clash and this paper discusses the why and how of those issues. The Literature Why are workplaces becoming more diverse, and why does diversity in a companyRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace1465 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Diversity in the Workplace As stated in our book, workplace diversity is defined as â€Å"diversity at work means having a workface comprised of two or more groups of employees with various racial, ethic, gender, cultural, national origin, handicap, age, and religious backgrounds†. There are many positives and also negatives of diversity in the workplace. Some of the negatives from workplace diversity are stereotyping, discrimination, tokenism, ethnocentrism, and also gender- role stereotypes. Some

Sustainable Development Free Essays

Sustainable Development in South Asia * Sustainable Development (SD) implies economic growth together with the protection of environmental quality, each reinforcing the other. Sustainable Development, thus, is maintaining a balance between the human need to improve lifestyles and feeling of well-being on one hand, and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on which we and future generations depend. The main features that all the definitions have are as follows: * A desirable human condition : a society that people want to sustain because it meets their needs * A enduring ecosystem condition: an ecosystem that maintains its capacity to support human life and others * A balance between present and future generations; and within the present generation. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Principles Defining Sustainable Development * Sustainable development requires the promotion of values that encourage consumption standards that are within the bounds of the ecologically possible and to which all can reasonably aspire. Meeting essential needs depends in part on achieving full growth potential, and sustainable development clearly requires economic growth in places where such needs are not being met. * Sustainable development must not endanger the natural systems that support life on Earth; the atmosphere, the waters, the soils, and living beings. * Most renewable resources are part of a complex and interlinked ecosystem and maximal sustained yield must be defined after taking into account system-wide effects of exploitation. Sustainable development requires that the rate of depletion of non-renewable resources should foreclose as few options as possible. * Sustainable development requires the conservation of plant and animal species. * Sustainable development require s that the adverse impacts on the quality of air, water and other natural elements are minimized so as to sustain the ecosystem’s overall integrity. * Two major events in the recent past have fairly lucidly articulated the sustainable development challenges and priorities for the global community over the next decade. These include the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) –Johannesburg 2002. * Poverty eradication has been clearly identified as the foremost global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development particularly for the developing countries. United Nations Millennium Declaration * At the dawn of the new millennium, the United Nations General Assembly reviewed sustainable development initiatives and processes around the world. Recognising the gravity and urgency of challenges, the global community committed itself to eight goals and eighteen targets to be achieved by 2015. * Indicators of achievement were identified for each of the targets and responsibility entrusted to multilateral agencies to coordinate global efforts. * The declaration, often referred to as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) committed to: 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability, and 8. Develop a global partnership for development World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) * The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held at Johannesburg in September 2002 was enriched considerably by the preparatory processes of stakeholders including governments, inter-governmental agencies and civil society groups. WSSD Plan of Implementation focuses on the following: . Reinforcing the Millennium Development Goals, including: a. Poverty eradication b. Changing unsustainable patterns of consumption and production c. Protecting and managing the natural resource base of economic and social development d. Health and sustainable development 2. Sustainable development in a globalising world 3. Sustainable development in regions 4. Means of Implementation 5. Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development South Asian Perspective on Sustainable Development Developing countries and regions need to identify their own priorities and initiate concerted action with maximum self-reliance and minimal external assistance to retard the poverty and environmental degradation. * Various regional and national assessments point towards four broad thematic priorities for the next decade. These tend to converge with recent global mandates and commitments: †¢ Eliminating Poverty and Creating Human Security †¢ Conserving the Natural Resource Endowments †¢ Securing the Economic Base Strengthening Institutional Systems †¢ Eliminating Poverty and Creating Human Security * Ensuring food security through accessibility, affordability and well planned sustainable food production, storage and distribution strategies. * Promoting income security through micro-finance and micro-enterprises as a means of livelihood and developing effective marketing and distribution links with medium and large-scale industries. farmi ng of poor communities through affordable and socially acceptable technologies and practices. Enhancing energy security through improved access to reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy services and resources. * Ensuring health security through significant investments in primary health care infrastructure and systems which are linked to referral systems in towns and cities. * Providing security from natural disasters through preventive action including large-scale afforestation, rehabilitation of degraded lands, hazard resistant structures and other long term measure. * Conserving the Natural Resource Endowments With almost half the land area in the region degraded in one form or the other; the water resource base threatened due to overexploitation and pollution; cities like Mumbai and Dhaka having the dubious distinction of being among the most polluted in the world; and the biodiversity under severe threat; South Asia has no option but to focus seriously on conserving its natural resource endowments. * Providing water security for human consumption, including livestock and The three areas that require immediate and sustained attention are: †¢ Arresting industrial pollution †¢ Managing urbanisation Conserving biodiversity Securing the Economic Base * The long-term sustainability of the South Asian sub-region is critically dependent on a firm and secure financial and economic base which is currently rather fragile. Each country in the sub-region has to strengthen its financial and economic systems while also focussing on poverty eradication and survival issues. * Considerable mutua l support and assistance is possible through technology cooperation and sub-regional trade arrangements. * Promoting Technology Cooperation * Building a Sub-regional Trading Bloc Depending on Minimal External Assistance * Strengthening Institutional Systems * All recent assessments reiterate the need for strengthened institutional systems to cater to the emerging priorities of eliminating poverty and creating human security; * managing population growth and its impact; conserving the natural resource endowments; and securing the economic base. * Any successful effort to bring about sustainable development will necessarily require countries of the sub-region to establish mechanisms for formulating policy and implementing it at the relevant levels: * †¢ Local †¢ National * †¢ Regional * †¢ Global * Enhance South Asian Cooperation * Asia is assuming importance in terms of its centrality to global geopolitics and * geo economics. Though characterised by tensions and conflicts, the continent is also * an area of potential economic growth. South Asia is home to a phenomenal skilled manpower. It also houses some of the largest emerging markets in the world. Such a diverse resource base can be pooled together for broader regional co operation, which in turn will engender durable peace and security in the region. Key areas of regional cooperation include: †¢ Joint action on Poverty Eradication and Human Security * Sub regional Trade and Economic Policies †¢ Sub regional Sharing and Management of Natural Resources †¢ Strengthening Implementation Systems SAARC Initiatives South Asian Food Bank South Asian Disaster Preparedness and Management System South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement / South Asian Free Trade Area South Asian Technology Bank South Asian Development Bank South Asian Biodiversity Conservation Agreement South Asian Energy Alliance How to cite Sustainable Development, Papers Sustainable Development Free Essays Q. Sustainable Development? Ans:. Sustainable development refers to a mode of human development in which resource use aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term ‘sustainable development’ was used by the Brundtland Commission which coined what has become the most often-quoted definition of sustainable development: â€Å"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social challenges faced by humanity. As early as the 1970s, â€Å"sustainability† was employed to describe an economy â€Å"in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems. â€Å"Ecologists have pointed to The Limits to Growth, and presented the alternative of a â€Å"steady state economy† in order to address environmental concerns. The concept of sustainable development has in the past most often been broken out into three constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability. More recently, it has been suggested that a more consistent analytical breakdown is to distinguish four domains of economic, ecological, political and cultural sustainability. This is consistent with the UCLG move to make ‘culture’ the fourth domain of sustainability. Indigenous peoples have argued, through various international forums such as the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Convention on Biological Diversity, that there are four pillars of sustainable development, the fourth being cultural. The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (UNESCO, 2001) further elaborates the concept by stating that â€Å"†¦ cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature†; it becomes â€Å"one of the roots of development understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral and spiritual existence†. In this vision, cultural diversity is the fourth policy area of sustainable development. Economic Sustainability: Agenda 21 clearly identified information, integration, and articipation as key building blocks to help countries achieve development that recognises these interdependent pillars. It emphasises that in sustainable development everyone is a user and provider of information. It stresses the need to change from old sector-centered ways of doing business to new approaches that involve cross-sectoral co-ordination and the integration of environmental and soci al concerns into all development processes. According to Hasna Vancock, sustainability is a process which tells of a development of all aspects of human life affecting sustenance. It means resolving the conflict between the various competing goals, and involves the simultaneous pursuit of economic prosperity, environmental quality and social equity famously known as three dimensions (triple bottom line) with the resultant vector being technology, hence it is a continually evolving process; the ‘journey’ (the process of achieving sustainability) is of course vitally important, but only as a means of getting to the destination (the desired future state). However, the ‘destination’ of sustainability is not a fixed place in the normal sense that we understand destination. Instead, it is a set of wishful characteristics of a future system. Green development is generally differentiated from sustainable development in that Green development prioritizes what its proponents consider to be environmental sustainability over economic and cultural considerations. Proponents of Sustainable Development argue that it provides a context in which to improve overall sustainability where cutting edge Green Development is unattainable. For example, a cutting edge treatment plant with extremely high maintenance costs may not be sustainable in regions of the world with fewer financial resources. An environmentally ideal plant that is shut down due to bankruptcy is obviously less sustainable than one that is maintainable by the community, even if it is somewhat less effective from an environmental standpoint. However, this view depends on whether one determines that it is the development (the plant) which needs to be sustainable, or whether it is the human-nature ecology (the environmental conditions) in which the plant exists which should be sustainable. It follows, then, that an operational but heavily polluting plant may be judged as actually ‘less sustainable’ than having no plant at all. DOMAINS I. Economics: The domain of ‘economics’ is fundamental to considerations of sustainable development, however there has been considerable criticism of the tendency to use the three-domain model of the triple bottom line: economics, environment and social. This approach is challenged to the extent that it treats the economy as the master domain, or as a domain that exists outside of the social; it treats the environment as a world of natural metrics; and it treats the social as a miscellaneous collection of extra things that do not fit into the economic or environmental domains (see the section on Economic sustainability below). In the alternative Circles of Sustainability approach, the economic domain is defined as the practices and meanings associated with the production, use, and management of resources, where the concept of ‘resources’ is used in the broadest sense of that word. II. Ecology: The domain of ‘ecology’ has been difficult to resolve because it too has a social dimension. Some research activities start from the definition of green development to argue that the environment is a combination of nature and culture. However, this has the effect of making the domain model unwieldy if culture is to be considered a domain in its own right (see below). Others write of ecology as being more broadly at the intersection of the social and the environmental – hence, ecology. This move allows culture to be used as a domain alongside economics and ecology. III. Culture: Working with a different emphasis, some researchers and institutions have pointed out that a fourth dimension should be added to the dimensions of sustainable development, since the triple-bottom-line dimensions of economic, environmental and social do not seem to be enough to reflect the complexity of contemporary society. In this context, the Agenda 21 for culture and the United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) Executive Bureau lead the preparation of the policy statement â€Å"Culture: Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development†, passed on 17 November 2010, in the framework of the World Summit of Local and Regional Leaders – 3rd World Congress of UCLG, held in Mexico City. This document inaugurates a new perspective and points to the relation between culture and sustainable development through a dual approach: developing a solid cultural policy and advocating a cultural dimension in all public policies. IV. Politics: Sustainable development is an eclectic concept and a wide array of political views fall under its umbrella. The concept has included notions of weak sustainability, strong sustainability and deep ecology. Different conceptions also reveal a strong tension between ecocentrism and anthropocentrism. Many definitions and images (Visualizing Sustainability) of sustainable development coexist. Broadly defined, the sustainable development mantra enjoins current generations to take a systems approach to growth and development and to manage natural, produced, and social capital for the welfare of their own and future generations. During the last ten years, different organizations have tried to measure and monitor the proximity to what they consider sustainability by implementing what has been called sustainability metrics and indices. This has engendered considerable political debate about what is being measured. Sustainable development is said to set limits on the developing world. While current first world countries polluted significantly during their development, the same countries encourage third world countries to reduce pollution, which sometimes impedes growth. Some consider that the implementation of sustainable development would mean a reversion to pre-modern lifestyles. Environmental sustainability Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as pristine as naturally possible based on ideal-seeking behavior. Thus, environmental sustainability demands that society designs activities to meet human needs while indefinitely preserving the life support systems of the planet. This, for example, entails using water sustainably, only utilizing renewable energy, and sustainable material supplies (e. g. harvesting wood from forests at a rate that maintains the biomass and biodiversity). An â€Å"unsustainable situation† occurs when natural capital (the sum total of nature’s resources) is used up faster than it can be replenished. Sustainability requires that human activity only uses nature’s resources at a rate at which they can be replenished naturally. Inherently the concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept of carrying capacity. Theoretically, the long-term result of environmental degradation is the inability to sustain human life. Such degradation on a global scale could imply extinction for humanity. Economic sustainability The Venn diagram of sustainable development has many versions, but was first used by economist Edward Barbier (1987). However, Pearce, Barbier and Markandya (1989) criticized the Venn approach due to the intractability of operationalizing separate indices of economic, environmental, and social sustainability and somehow combining them. They also noted that the Venn approach was inconsistent with the Brundtland Commission Report, which emphasized the interlinkages between economic development, environmental degradation, and population pressure instead of three objectives. Economists have since focused on viewing the economy and the environment as a single interlinked system with a unified valuation methodology (Hamilton 1999, Dasgupta 2007). Intergenerational equity can be incorporated into this approach, as has become common in economic valuations of climate change economics (Heal 2009). Ruling out discrimination against future generations and allowing for the possibility of renewable alternatives to petro-chemicals and other non-renewable resources, efficient policies are compatible with increasing human welfare, eventually reaching a golden-rule steady state (Ayong le Kama 2001 and Endress et al. 2005). Thus the three pillars of sustainable development are interlinkages, intergenerational equity, and dynamic efficiency (Stavins et al. 2003). How to cite Sustainable Development, Essay examples Sustainable Development Free Essays Science, Medicine and Technology What is sustainable development? Sustainable development has been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted definition is from Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report:[1] Sustainable development has various definitions; a well-known definition is that of the Brundtland Report. According to the Brundtland Report, â€Å"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: * the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and * the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Sustainable development then is the ability to fulfill the current needs while not halting the ability of generations to come to fulfill their needs. What is sustainability? Sustainability is the ability of an object to renew itself so that it will always be available. Sustainability means that, the object is available in the present and can continue into the future while still accessible in the future. Sustainability of the earth Sustainability, relating to the earth, means that the earth can continue producing or reproducing all it’s natural products which include: water, food, and air; all which defines our and enhances the quality of life for humans. The earth is a system and within this system are: our society, economy and environment. In order for earth to have sustainability, these three needs to work harmoniously and in equilibrium, In a quest for prosperity in all aspects of life, us – human beings are simultaneously destroying the system that we depend on. Threats to the environment include : * Climate change due to greenhouse gas emission * Increase in Toxic Waste * Lack of Fresh Water * Over fishing – Lack of fish (food source) * Pollution – Water, Land, Air * Deforestation – Extinction of rain forests Overpopulation (Imbalance in the ration of people and resources) * Poor land management inappropriate agriculture soil erosion Threats to the economy include: * Industrial production and economy has decreased * Decrease in wage * Economic insecurity (due to the economy) Threats to society include: * Unemployment * Starvation * Poverty * Violence How to live sustainably? In order to live sustain ably, humans need to reduce : 1. ) the dependence on fossil fuels and heavy metals. 2. ) the dependence on synthetic chemicals. 3. ) the destruction of Nature. . ) Insure we are not halting other humans from meeting their global needs. What is being done? A number of things by international organizations are being done from as early as 1970 to present. 1970’s brought both developed, developing and underdeveloped countries was brought together, by The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, to discuss the rights of a human family to a healthy and productive environment. 1980’s – A World Conservation Strategy was published by the international union for the conservation of natural resources. the strategy discussed the importance to improve poverty before attempting to conserve nature. 1982- WCS initiative terminated with the approval of the World Charter for Nature. The Charter stated that â€Å"mankind is a part of nature and life depends on the unin terrupted functioning of natural systems†. 1983 – the creation of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) 1984- WCED was deemed an Independent body by the United Nations General Assembly and ask to formulate â€Å"A global agenda for change† 1987- The WCED created a report â€Å"Our common future† discussed the global interdependence and the relationship between the economy and environment – stating â€Å"the environment does not exist as a sphere separate from human actions, ambitions, and needs, and therefore it should not be considered in isolation from human concerns. The environment is where we all live; and development is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode. The two are inseparable. † 1992 -First United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. 993 -The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was established to follow-up on the implementation of Agenda 21. 1997 – Gener al Assembly devoted its 19th Special Session to design a strategy for the further Implementation of Agenda 21 2002 – World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) was summoned to renew the global commitment to sustainable development. Bibliography DEPweb. (n. d. ). World Bank Group. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http://www. worldbank. org/depweb/english/sd. html Major Groups . :. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. (n. d. ). Home . :. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http://sustainabledevelopment. un. org/majorgroups. html Sustainability Basic Information. (n. d. ). US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http://www. epa. gov/sustainability/basicinfo. htm What is Sustainable Development?. (n. d. ). International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http://www. iisd. org/sd/ How to cite Sustainable Development, Papers

Maori Culture for Human Resource Management - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMaori Culture for Human Resource Management. Answer: When the recruiter has to choose only two candidates for the job in an IT service organization out of the given four candidates, then the recruiter must recruit the candidate who belongs to the maori group and the other person should be the Indian candidate. The management should recruit these two candidates as, the candidate from maori subculture group, is unfortunately is seen as a backward class in the land of New Zealand and they are deprived of many modern facilities and social securities (Te Huia Liu, 2012). In this case, it is seen that the maori candidate has below average qualification due to various oppressions and lack of opportunities, but he or she has a enthusiasm to succeed in life and this kind of passion can force the candidate to do something beyond the expectation, to prove what they are capable of. On the other hand, the Indian candidate also needs to be recruited as he has all the necessary qualifications to get selected but he has work experience only in his ow n country (Orange, 2015). In this situation the organization has already chosen the maori candidate despite his lack of needed qualification to give him a chance to showcase his or her skills but for choosing the second candidate, they had to keep it in mind that they should not compromise with qualification (Sorrenson, 2013). Thus the Indian candidate becomes the automatic choice. The Indian candidate might not be accustomed with the way of working in New Zealand, but having relevant work experience and needed academic qualifications, it would not be a problem for him to get accustomed to the way of working in a different nation. According to the regulations led out by Human Rights Commission, there are some specified acts while recruiting candidates for work purpose, which can be categorized as discrimination in the recruitment process. In this case, it can be said that the recruitment process should not be biased on the ethnicity of the candidate, thus the Human Rights commission would entertain no racial discrimination. Another act that is forbidden by the Human Right Commission is, religious discrimination. It can be said that, the recruiters must keep in mind the recruitment process should not be biased on the religious beliefs of the candidate as doing so would violate the laws of discrimination that is set by the Human Rights Commission in New Zealand (Muriwai, Houkamau Sibley, 2015). In todays world in most of the organizations, multicultural background is common including various religious beliefs. Some people do some rituals those are important in their religious branch and some wear different types of hairstyles, some people keep beard, and organizations must respect these (Laudon Laudon, 2016). It is a matter of fact that, if organization restricts them from performing their religious acts the motivation level of the workers would suffer and showing any kinds of negative remarks in the recruitment process regarding these sensitive issues would be counted as religious discrimination. On the other hand if the recruiters discriminate the candidates according to their race are it in a direct way or indirect approach it would be definitely counted as racial discrimination in the process of recruitment and that is not at all tolerable (Muriwai, Houkamau Sibley, 2015). Whenever the recruiters select a candidate being biased on other criteria apart from the work experience and the academic qualification, it can be said that discrimination is present in the recruitment process. The best way to escape from the claims of discrimination in the recruiting process is by hiring candidates by very closely following the criteria developed by the management of the organization and maintaining uniformity in the process of the hiring (Laudon Laudon, 2016). Apart from that, the recruiters must provide a brief details regarding why the candidate did not get selected to avoid these kinds of unwanted allegations ethically. Treaty of Waitangi can be described as a blunt evidence of the partnership of the British rue and the Maori people of New Zealand. The treaty took place aiming a unity among the people, but in many cases, different interpretations and various breaching of the treaty caused some conflicts (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). After 1970, common people came to know about this act and the general efforts to respect the treaty and the principals of the treaty are seen expanding in a rapid manner (Muriwai, Houkamau Sibley, 2015). It is a matter of fact that, the treaty of Waitangi is an agreement that was made in the year if 1840, between the monarch of Britain and the Maori people of New Zealand. After this treaty, New Zealand became a colony of Britain and the Maori people became he subjects of the British Crown (Bennett Roughan, 2012). In some cases, British people and Maori people had different understanding of this treaty. According to this treaty, New Zealand became a nation having two diffe rent cultures, and those are Pakeha and Maori, but as New Zealand is a country having more than two cultures, the nation is widely known as a multicultural nation. The New Zealand Federation of Multicultural Council ensures the consciousness among the various ethnic communities of the aspirations, needs and the status of the Maori people. The Federation thinks that New Zealand is a multicultural country and in this country, Maori people must have a special social status as they are the people of the land and thus they must possess some special rights that are stated under the Treaty of Waitangi (Haar, Roche Taylor, 2012). It is seen that the diversity is present in the workplaces of New Zealand, and it is mandatory for each of the employees to be aware of these facts and they must try to work together. Each employee is expected to accept the diversities of the ethnicities in the workplace and show respect towards each ethnic group. Biculturalism of New Zealand is portrayed in vario us official statements are generally communicated in Maori language and in English language (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The Institution of IT Professionals is a nonprofit incorporated organization in the land of New Zealand. The IITP promotes the education and higher level of professional practice among the IT professionals. Before 2012, IITP was popular as New Zealand Computer Society Inc. On the first day of work of the employees, managers should stress on the induction process for the new employees (Laudon Laudon, 2016). The aim of this induction training should be to let the new joiners to get accustomed with the work culture of the organization and to allow them to work with efficiency within a short span of time. The management of the organizations should be careful regarding the first day of work of the new joiners. The management should not overload the new employees with information and they should explain what are expected from them and what might be their responsibilities for a transparent way of working within the organization. The management should engage in using various techniques to allow the new employees to learn things within a short time (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). The next thing the management of the organizations should engage in explaining all the human resource policies of the organization to the new employees so that they do not have to face any serious issues in the workplace. The employees should be provided with a list of rules and regulations to maintain the desired office decorum. It is a matter of fact that maintaining the office decorum is a very important matter, thus the management should stress on providing them with full information regarding the office policies. Another thing is important for the management of the organization in the first day of some employees of the organization, and that is the management should collect necessary inputs from the new joiners at the end of their first day at work. These valuable inputs will allow the organization to act according to the desires of the employees, in order to keep them happy and loyal towards the organization (Armstrong Taylor, 2014). In this case, Google as an organization is setting the right example for all the business organization worldwide. Google provides a friendly ambience in the office premises for improving the confidence level and the loyalty of the employees towards the organization. Thus, to conclude, it can be said that for the new employees, the first day at work is a very important day of their career, and the organization should pay attention so that the new joiners do not face any troubles at work and the path of their career remains free of huddles. References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bennett, M. J., Roughan, N. (2012). Rebus sic Stantibus and the Treaty of Waitangi. Haar, J. M., Roche, M., Taylor, D. (2012). Workfamily conflict and turnover intentions of indigenous employees: the importance of the whanau/family for Maori.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,23(12), 2546-2560. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2016).Management information system. Pearson Education India. Muriwai, E., Houkamau, C. A., Sibley, C. G. (2015). Culture as Cure? The Protective Function of M?ori Cultural Efficacy on Psychological Distress.New Zealand Journal of Psychology,44(2). Orange, C. (2015).The treaty of Waitangi. Bridget Williams Books. Sorrenson, M. P. K. (2013).Maori origins and migrations: The genesis of some Pakeha myths and legends. Auckland University Press. Te Huia, A., Liu, J. H. (2012). M?ori culture as a psychological asset for New Zealanders acculturation experiences abroad.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,36(1), 140-150.

The Cuban Missile Crisis 2 Essay Research free essay sample

The Cuban Missile Crisis 2 Essay, Research Paper The Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 is the closest the universe has of all time come to atomic war. The Soviets had installed atomic missile silos in Cuba, merely 90 stat mis off the seashore of the United States. U.S. armed forces were put at their highest province of preparedness. Soviet field commanding officers in Cuba were authorized to utilize atomic arms if invaded by the U.S. The destiny of 1000000s literally hinged on the ability of two work forces, John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchev, to make a via media. In 1962, the Soviet Union was urgently behind the United States in the weaponries race. Soviet missiles were merely powerful plenty to be launched against Europe, but U.S. missiles were capable of striking the full Soviet Union. In late April 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev conceived the thought of puting intermediate-range missiles in Cuba. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cuban Missile Crisis 2 Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Missiles in Cuba would duplicate the Soviet strategic armory and deter a possible U.S. onslaught against the Soviet Union. For the U.S. the crisis began on October 15, 1962 when our planes spotted Soviet missile silos under building. President Kennedy formed a group of cardinal advisers called EX-COMM. We quarantined Cuba to halt bringing of more missiles. Never before this incident was photo recconaisance as of import. The Cubans and Soviets were denying holding missiles in Cuba. U.S. airplanes with particular cameras documented they did be. Pres ident Kennedy had the Armed Forces on qui vive. On October 22, Kennedy addressed the state. He told them the inside informations. U.S. aircraft continuously watched the Cubans. Kennedy announced that an onslaught by Cuba would be considered an onslaught by the Soviet Union. All missiles had to be removed. Readiness degree was raised to DEFCON 2 and the quarantine line was pulled back on October 25th. Khrushchev proposed taking the Soviet missiles if the U.S. promised non to occupy Cuba. On October 27 Cuba shot down a U-2 undercover agent plane. On the same twenty-four hours Khrushchev sent a missive demanding remotion of our atomic missile in Turkey in exchange for the remotion of their atomic arms in Cuba. Khrushchev didn T have a squad of advisers to assist him. He had to do good determinations on his ain. Tensions began to ease when Khrushchev announced he would take the missiles on October 28th. The U.S. had agreed to discourse remotion of their missiles in Turkey merely after the missiles were taken out of Cuba. The Soviets so withdrew the missiles and returned them to the Soviet Union The key participants in the Cuban missile crisis were John Kennedy, Fidel Castro, and Nikita Khrushchev. John Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917, a descendant of Irish Catholics who had immigrated to America in the old century. Fidel Castro was born in Mayari, Cuba in 1926. He received his jurisprudence grade and became an lawyer. Nikita Khrushchev was born in Kalinovka in 1894. He was Premier in 1958.

How to Write Funny Satire Essay Topics

How to Write Funny Satire Essay TopicsA funny satire essay topic can be just as funny as the topic that made it funny. How can you write a humorous satire essay topic? Consider the topics that you are most familiar with, and those that involve human characters.Popular topics are about events that are tragic events. Maybe your friend was murdered in a recent robbery. Or maybe your daughter is trying to finish her college degree by going to a community college. Or maybe a topic you are researching is about political figures that were involved in some kind of scandal that caused them to resign from office.Whatever the tragic event that brought your character or subject into the spotlight is, there must be a reaction to the topic. And funny satire essays can make good use of this reaction. All that is needed is a punch line, and then the whole work of satire is built on the power of your characters' reactions to the subject.Popular topics may include books, movies, television shows, and the Internet. Or they could be about recent political scandals. They could be about novels and poetry and 'genre' literature. The list of possible topics is endless.What you need to do is write a short outline for your fictional character. This character's personality, attitudes, and habits are just as important as his/her appearance and vice versa. You must be able to relate your character to the reader.Another thing you will need to do is take advantage of your unique viewpoint on the subject. Look at some common behaviors in everyday life and apply it to your fictional character. Perhaps your character hates book reports but loves cooking. Maybe your character is always late to work because he has a habit of wearing mink coats on cold days. Use this observation to build an interesting plot for your satirical essay.Finally, if you are writing from the perspective of the reader's perspective, remember that the story and information you provide are not the one the person needs to he ar. The characters are often great sources of information, but you should also be able to illustrate your point with examples and anecdotes. All of these elements together form a powerful appeal to the reader.And now that you know how to write funny satire essay topics, you should consider using one of these techniques. It will help to put your character in their proper context, and to let your character's traits show through in your examples and anecdotes.

The Vietnam War Essays

The Vietnam War Essays The Vietnam War Essay The Vietnam War Essay The war in Vietnam was mostly a helicopter and air war there were many jets and helicopters that had been shot down in the enemy controlled areas in the than that a survivor of a one of these crashes were captured they would become a prisoner of war or POWs Violations of the Geneva Convention occurred in the Vietnam War (1959-1975). Ill treatment of prisoners was brought to light by the Red Cross throughout the war. In September 1969 the North Vietnamese Red Cross declared that U.S. pilots, guilty of crimes against humanity, would not be given the protections afforded by the Geneva Convention. South Vietnamese mistreatment of prisoners of war was alleged in 1970 in reports that so-called tiger cages were used to confine North Vietnamese prisoners. In the Vietnamese conflict, a major concern in negotiations between the United States and North Vietnam was the release of hundreds of American prisoners of war and the repatriation of both North and South Vietnamese prisoners. By 19 71 the prospects of U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam depended largely on a solution of the prisoner-of-war problem, which had been employed as a bargaining point by North Vietnam. On February 12, 1973, after the signing of the cease-fire in January, thefirst contingent of 143 American military and civilian prisoners of war arrived in the Philippines. During the following weeks, 444 prisoners were released. Two decades later, more than 2000 U.S. soldiers remained unaccounted for and are listed as missing in action.

Get the Rules and Best Practices for Writing Paragraphs

Get the Rules and Best Practices for Writing Paragraphs The definition of a paragraph: Its a group of closely related sentences that develops a central idea, conventionally beginning on a new line, which is sometimes  indented. The paragraph has been variously defined as a subdivision in a longer written passage, a group of sentences (or sometimes just one sentence) about a specific topic, and a grammatical unit typically consisting of multiple sentences that together express a complete thought. In his 2006 book A Dash of Style, Noah Lukeman describes the paragraph break as one of the most crucial marks in the punctuation world. Etymology:  Paragraph is from the Greek word which means to write beside. Observations A new paragraph is a wonderful thing. It lets you quietly change the rhythm, and it can be like a flash of lightning that shows the same landscape from a different aspect. (Babel, Isaac interviewed by Konstantin Paustovsky in Isaac Babel Talks About Writing, The Nation, March 31, 1969.) 10 Effective Paragraph Criteria Lois Laase and Joan Clemmons offer the following list of 10 helpful suggestions for writing paragraphs. This is adapted from their book, Helping Students Write... The Best Research Reports Ever: Easy Mini-Lessons, Strategies, and Creative Formats to Make Research Manageable and Fun. Keep the paragraph on one topic.Include a topic sentence.Use supporting sentences that give ​details or facts about the topic.Include vivid words.Make sure it does not have run-on sentences.Include sentences that make sense and stick to the topic.Sentences should be in order and make sense.Write sentences that begin in different ways.Make sure the sentences flow.Be sure sentences are mechanically correct - spelling, punctuation, capitalization, indentation. Topic Sentences in Paragraphs Although the topic sentence is often the first sentence of the paragraph, it does not have to be. Furthermore, the topic sentence is sometimes restated or echoed at the end of the paragraph, although again it does not have to be. However, a well-phrased concluding sentence can emphasize the central idea of the paragraph as well as provide a nice balance and ending. A paragraph is not a constraining formula; in fact, it has variations. In some instances, for example, the topic sentence is not found in a single sentence. It may be the combination of two sentences, or it may be an easily understood but unwritten underlying idea that unifies the paragraph. Nevertheless, the paragraph in most college writing contains discussion supporting a stated topic sentence.... (Brandon, Lee. At a Glance: Paragraphs, 5th ed., Wadsworth, 2012.) Rules of Paragraphing As an advanced writer, you know that rules are made to be broken. But that is not to say that these rules are useless. Sometimes it is good to avoid a one-sentence paragraph - it can sound too brisk and implies a lack of penetration and analysis. Sometimes, or perhaps most of the time, it is good to have a topic sentence. But the awful fact is that when you look closely at a professional writers work, you will see that the topic sentence is often missing. In that case, we sometimes say it is implied, and perhaps that is true. But whether we want to call it implied or not, it is obvious that good writers can get along without topic sentences most of the time. Likewise, it is not a bad idea to develop only one idea in a paragraph, but frankly, the chance of developing several ideas often arises and sometimes doing so even characterizes the writing of professionals. (Jacobus, Lee A. Substance, Style, and Strategy, Oxford University Press, 1998.) Strunk and White on Paragraph Length In general, remember that paragraphing calls for a good eye as well as a logical mind. Enormous blocks of print look formidable to readers, who are often reluctant to tackle them. Therefore, breaking long paragraphs in two, even if it is not necessary to do so for sense, meaning, or logical development, is often a visual help. But remember, too, that firing off many short paragraphs in quick succession can be distracting. Paragraph breaks used only for show read like the writing of commerce or of display advertising. Moderation and a sense of order should be the main considerations in paragraphing. (Strunk, Jr., William and E.B. White, The Elements of Style, 3rd ed., Allyn Bacon, 1995.) Uses of One-Sentence Paragraphs Three situations in essay writing can occasion a one-sentence paragraph: (a) when you want to emphasize a crucial point that might otherwise be buried; (b) when you want to dramatize a transition from one stage in your argument to the next; and (c) when instinct tells you that your reader is tiring and would appreciate a mental rest. The one-sentence paragraph is a great device. You can italicize with it, vary your pace with it, lighten your voice with it, signpost your argument with it. But it’s potentially dangerous. Don’t overdo your dramatics. And be sure your sentence is strong enough to withstand the extra attention it’s bound to receive when set off by itself. Houseplants wilt in direct sun. Many sentences do as well. (Trimble, John R. Writing with Style: Conversations on the Art of Writing. Prentice Hall, 2000.) Paragraph Length in Business and Technical Writing A paragraph should be just long enough to deal adequately with the subject of its topic sentence. A new paragraph should begin whenever the subject changes significantly. A series of short, undeveloped paragraphs can indicate poor organization and sacrifice unity by breaking an idea into several pieces. A series of long paragraphs, however, can fail to provide the reader with manageable subdivisions of thought. Paragraph length should aid the readers understanding of idea. (Alred, Gerald J., Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu, The Business Writers Handbook, 10th ed., Bedford/St. Martins, 2012.) The Paragraph as a Device of Punctuation The paragraph is a device of punctuation. The indentation by which it is marked implies no more than an additional breathing space. Like the other marks of punctuation...it may be determined by logical, physical, or rhythmical needs. Logically it may be said to denote the full development of a single idea, and this indeed is the common definition of the paragraph. It is, however, in no way an adequate or helpful definition. (Read, Herbert. English Prose Style, Beacon, 1955.) Scott and Dennys Definition of a Paragraph A paragraph is a unit of discourse developing a single idea. It consists of a group or series of sentences closely related to one another and to the thought expressed by the whole group or series. Devoted, like the sentence, to the development of one topic, a good paragraph is also, like a good essay, a complete treatment in itself. (Scott, Fred Newton, and Joseph Villiers Denny, Paragraph-Writing: A Rhetoric for Colleges, rev. ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1909.) Development of the Paragraph in English The paragraph as we know it comes into something like settled shape in Sir William Temple (1628-1699). It was the product of perhaps five chief influences. First, the tradition, derived from the authors and scribes of the Middle Ages, that the paragraph-mark distinguishes a stadium of thought. Second, the Latin influence, which was rather towards disregarding the paragraph as the sign of anything but emphasis - the emphasis-tradition being also of medieval origin; the typical writers of the Latin influence are Hooker and Milton. Third, the natural genius of the Anglo-Saxon structure, favorable to the paragraph. Fourth, the beginnings of popular writing - of what may be called the oral style, or consideration for a relatively uncultivated audience. Fifth, the study of French prose, in this respect a late influence, allied in its results with the third and fourth influences. (Lewis, Herbert Edwin. The History of the English Paragraph, 1894.) 19c writers reduced the lengths of their paragraphs, a process that has continued in the 20c, particularly in journalism, advertisements, and publicity materials. (McArthur, Tom. Paragraph. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Oxford University Press,  1992.)

Social Media Effect On Teenagers Annotated Bibliography

Social Media Effect On Teenagers - Annotated Bibliography Example Why youth (heart) social network sites: The role of networked publics in teenage social life. MacArthur Foundation series on digital learning–Youth, identity, and digital media volume, 119-142. Retrieved from http://sjudmc.net/lyons/civicmedia1/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/boyd-Why-teens-heart-social-media.pdf. This is a report documenting a comprehensive research on social networking peer-based sociality. The author evaluates the effects of social networking in relation to teenage identity and status. He also compares social networking interactions with face-to-face public life.Butler, M. G. I. (2010). Online social networking and the impact on well-being: implications for school counselors. Retrieved from http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2010-05-915/BUTLER-MASTERS-REPORT.pdf?sequence=1. This author reviews recent literature on online social networking and its psychological impact on teenagers. The article identifies and discusses cyber bullying a nd sexting as the greatest negative effects of online social networking on teenagers.Dinakar, K., Jones, B., Havasi, C., Lieberman, H., & Picard, R. (2012). Common sense reasoning for detection, prevention, and mitigation of cyber bullying. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems. Retrieved from http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Publications/Bullying-TiiS.pdf. This article focuses on cyber bullying as a negative effect of social networking sites and its effect on healthy interpersonal relationships in teenagers.

Conducting a Physical Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conducting a Physical Assessment - Research Paper Example ystem consists mainly of his new-found friends at the same seniors facility, including those much older than him and who may have slightly different viewpoints on life and on other more important matters. His attitude is generally positive, looking to enjoy the rest of his life in a quiet manner. In this portion of the paper, the client is assessed based on a variety of factors which can affect his physical, emotional and mental health, either positively or negatively. Each factor is a reflection of how this factor impacts on a person throughout a certain period in his life. Two social factors – the first is making new friends at the seniors facility, which is quite a positive impact and the other factor is engagement in various leisure activities such as playing games of bowling or chess. Bowling is a relatively mild physical activity, while chess stimulates the brain and helps prevent or delay mental ailments, like Alzheimers or dementia. Any social or mild physical activity is encouraged to keep the client fit, as a potential nursing diagnosis. Two cultural factors – the client is not a native English speaker, and therefore speaks the dialect of his birth or his mother tongue. His English language proficiency skills is average, so he longs for people who can speak his own language. He also feels homesick at times, and he wants a nurse assigned who speaks the same language, as it can affect health (Andrews & Boyle. 2008, p. 265). The impact of this inability to return before he dies is negative, causing sadness or depression. In his old country, smoking is generally considered acceptable, especially among the males. It has a negative impact on his health as he had smoked for decades; he stopped smoking recently. An actual nursing diagnosis is to make smoking cessation a permanent fixture. Two economic factors – the client is well provided for, considering his children are well off and working in good paying jobs. Besides, he also has an adequate

Cause and Effects of the Rise in Cohabitation

Cause and Effects of the Rise in Cohabitation Recent decades have witnessed a dramatic rise in cohabitation in much of Western Europe including the United Kingdom (Ermisch 2005; Ermisch and Francesconi 2000a; Haskey 2001; Kiernan 2001; Murphy 2000). This rise has taken place against a dramatic decline in marriage rates. A so-called golden age of marriage that prevailed in the United Kingdom from the 1950s up to the 1970s (Festy, 1980), has been eroded. Marriage is no longer the exclusive marker of first union nor the pre-eminent context within which children are born; (Kiernan, 2001). The decline in the popularity of marriage indicates that no longer is marriage seen as the only organizing principle for relationships (Hall, 1993: 8) and therefore legal marriage has given way to a variety of optional non-traditional forms of living together (Boh, 1989: This essay will seek to examine whether the rise in cohabitation will witness a decline in marriage to a point where marriage is a rare phenomenon. This will entail an analysis of statistical evidence on both cohabitation and marriage and the explanations that have been provided. These include notions of selfish individualism (Morgan, 2000), notions of the democratic, consensual and pure relationship (Giddens, 1992; Beck-Gernsheim, 2000), Beckers (1973, 1981) model of marriage, the common-law marriage myth, commitment in cohabiting partnerships, and the use of lived law to create a DIY variety of marriage (Duncan et. al. 2005). The 1960s and the early 1970s was a golden age of marriage in the United Kingdom during which marriage was highly popular among the young ages (Kiernan Eldridge 1987) and a record peak of 480,285 marriages was recorded in 1972 (ONS, 2008). However, since the 1970s there have been considerable changes amounting to a structural shift in individuals demographic behaviour and societal norms (Haskey, 2001) and among these are increases in divorce and in cohabitation, that is, in couples who live together in intimate relationships without being legally married. Similarly, Ferri et al. (2003) have documented several demographic changes which led social commentators to lament the end of marriage. These include significant rises in cohabitation, divorce, lone parent families, single parent households, children born out of marriage and age of marriage.   These changes, it was assumed, led to the disintegration of traditional structures and codes and ultimately to the end of marriage. Statistical evidence indeed shows that there has been a long-term decline in marriage rates and a significant rise in cohabitation. From 1971 to 1995 first marriage rates fell by 90% for teenage women and 80% for women aged 20-24. Median age at first marriage rose from 23.4 to 27.9 yrs for men and 21.4 to 26.0 years for women (Murphy and Wang 1999). The decline in remarriage rates has been even more pronounced. For divorced men, the remarriage rate has fallen by 75% since 1971 (Murphy and Wang 1999). There were 311,000 marriages in the UK in 2004 and this figure fell to 270,000 in 2007. This represents almost half the number of marriages that took place in 1972 when marriage peaked (ONS 2009). On the other hand, cohabiting is the fastest growing family type in the UK (with the proportion of cohabiting couple families increasing from 9% to 14% between 1996 and 2006), (ONS, 2009). Among single women marrying during the latter part of the 1990s, 77% had cohabited with their future husband, compared with 33% of those marrying during the late 1970s, and only 6% of those marrying in the late 1960s (Haskey 2001). During the 1960s, 40% of remarriages were preceded by a period of cohabitation; and this figured had soared to around 85% in 2000. (Murphy 2000). The 2001 Census recorded just over 2 million cohabiting couples in England and Wales (a 67% increase from 1991). When the new form of cohabitation arrived in the 1970s it was mainly a child-free prelude to marriage. Increasingly, children are being born to cohabiting couples. In 2006, 56% of births in England and Wales were outside of marriage compared with 8% in 19z71. (ONS, 2009). Between 1996 and 2006, the number of cohabiti ng couples in the UK increased by over 60%, from 1.4 million to 2.3 million, ONS, 2009). The number of cohabiting couples in England and Wales is projected to almost double to 3.8 million by 2031 (which will be over one in four couples on this projection). (ONS, 2009). Social theorists have conceptualized these trends in terms of individualization theory. The theory which includes notions of the democratic, consensual and pure relationship (Giddens, 1992; Beck-Gernsheim, 2000) and notions of selfish individualism (Morgan, 2000), has emerged as the dominant contested theoretical approach in explaining whether the rise in cohabitation means the end of marriage. According to the former, modern society is viewed as having entered a late modern epoch of de-traditionalisation and individualisation in which traditional rules and institutional frameworks have lost ground, only to be replaced by more modern and rational rules (Beck, 1992 and Giddens, 1992, 1994). Institutional forces such as education, the modern economy and the welfare state have freed individuals from externally imposed constraints, moral codes and traditional customs, a development which Beck (1994) says is a disembedding of individual lives from the structural fabric of social instituti ons and age-specific norms. According to Brannen and Nilsen (2005), social class no longer has the same structuring role that it once had.   Individuals who used to have a standard biography no longer have pre-given life trajectories but are instead compelled to reflexively make their own choices and hence create their own biographies. At the same time, the project of self, with an emphasis on individual self-fulfillment and personal development, comes to replace relational, social aims. This results in families of choice which are diverse, fluid and unresolved, constantly chosen and re-chosen (Weeks 2001) and which Hardill, (2002) refer to as the postmodern household. In families of choice all issues are subject to negotiation and decision making (Beck and Beck- Gernsheim1995, Beck-Gernsheim 2002). Individuals are seen as preferring cohabitation to marriage because they wish to keep their options and their negotiations open ( Wu, 2000). The individualisation theory sees modern relationships as being based on individual fulfillment and consensual love, with sexual and emotional equality, replacing formal unions based on socially prescribed gender roles. Sexuality is largely freed from institutional, normative and patriarchal control as well as from reproduction, producing a plastic sexuality, which serves more as means of self-expression and selfactualisation rather than as a means to reproduction and cementing institutionalized partnership (Giddens, 1992). Giddens argues that that such plastic sexuality as part of the project of self is realized in pure relationships an ideal type that isolates what is most characteristic for intimacy in reflexive modernity, Giddens (1991, 1992).   This is pure because it is entered into for its own sake and for the satisfaction it provides to the individuals involved. The pure relationship must therefore be characterized by openness, involvement, reciprocity and closeness, a nd it presupposes emotional and sexual democracy and equality, Giddens (1991, 1992). According to Cherlin (2004:853), the pure relationship is not tied to an institution such as marriage or the desire to raise children. Rather, it is free-floating, independent of social institutions or economic life. The individualisation theory asserts that these changes in relationships contribute towards the decentring of the married, co-resident, heterosexual couple. It no longer occupies the centre-ground statistically, normatively, or as a way of life (Beck-Gernsheim, 2002; Roseneil and Budgeon, 2004). Instead other forms of living such as cohabitation, living alone, lone parenting, same-sex partnerships, or living apart have become more common and are both experienced and perceived as equally valid. However, most English-speaking commentators (e.g. Morgan, 1995, 2000, 2003; Bellah et al., 1985; Popenoe, 1993; Dnes and Rowthorne, 2002) have developed a pessimistic view of family change. In cohabitation they have seen a moral decline and its harmful effects on society, a loss of family values, individual alienation, social breakdown, rise in crime and other social ills and social, emotional and educational damage to children. For them, the trend in statistics is clear evidence of selfish individualism and have thus advocated for turning the clock back by promoting marriage among other things. Morgan (1995) for instance, argues that without the traditional family to socialize children and in particular to provide role models and discipline for young men, delinquency and crime will escalate and society as a whole will be at risk. To avoid this social policy should seek positively to support marriage and promote traditional gender roles for men and women. According to Morgan (2003), cohabiting relationships are fragile. They are always more likely to break up than marriages entered into at the same time, regardless of age or income. On average, cohabitations last less than two years before breaking up or converting to marriage. Less than four per cent of cohabitations last for ten years or more. She also believes that cohabitation should be seen primarily as a prelude to marriage but increasingly it is part of a pattern which simply reflects an increase in sexual partners and partner change (Morgan, 2003:127). Morgan (1999) also argues that cohabitation is concentrated among the less educated, less skilled and the unemployed. The individualization theory in its various versions, has been seen as having its merit in terms of indicating trends in post-modern societies, but has been criticized for lacking reliable methodologies and for lacking empirical and historical evidence. According to Thernborn (2004), individualisation theory should be seen as a geographically and historically limited exaggeration among the variety and long durà ©es of socio-sexual systems. Individualisation theory is seen as largely resting on the evidence of qualitative work using purposive samples of particular social groups in particular contexts and localities. They do not often use representative samples or total population figures which can accurately portray overall social patterns. According to Sayer (1992) individualization theorists have used intensive research design which are indeed in-depth and able to access social process more directly, and understand its context but points out that such work needs to be complemented by extensive research on patterns and distributions, using representative survey for example. Duncan and Edwards (1999) share the same view that the use of both intensive and extensive research designs will enable generalizations to be made. In addition intensive work will enable better interpretation of the representative patterns revealed by extensive work and to link process to pattern directly rather than depending upon post-hoc deduction, (Duncan and Edwards 1999). Critics of the individualisation theory have argued that the theory underplays the significance of the social and geographical patterning of values and behaviour and neglects the importance of local cultural and social contexts. According to Duncan and Irwin structures of economic necessity, social groups and moral codes have not gone away, although they may have changed. Family forms are still deeply influenced by local structural conditions or contexts and although people might be less constrained by older traditions, this does not necessarily mean individualisation. The traditional structures of class, gender, religion and so on have a continuing importance, (Duncan and Irwin, 2004, 2005). Individualisation theory assumes that individuals can exercise choice and shape their lives. However, the theory has been criticized for taking insufficient account of the context in which individuals make their choices. Critics of individualisation have pointed out, peoples capacity to make choices, for example in respect of separation and divorce, must depend in large measure on their environment, whether for example, on the constraints of poverty, social class and gender, or, more positively, on the safety net provided by the welfare state (Lasch, 1994; Lewis, 2001a). In addition, the context in which people are making their choices is constantly shifting. Thus the meaning of what it is to be married, or to be a parent has changed and continues to change. Actors will in all likelihood be affected by these changes over their own life course and must expect to have to re-visit the decisions they have made, for example in respect of the division of paid and unpaid work, especially at critical points of transition such as parenthood. Charles and Harris (2004) have argued that choices regarding work/life balance are different at different states of the lifecycle. The individualization theory in its various versions, has been seen as having its merit in terms of indicating trends in post-modern societies, but has been criticized for lacking reliable methodologies and for lacking empirical and historical evidence. According to Thernborn (2004), individualisation theory should be seen as a geographically and historically limited exaggeration among the variety and long durà ©es of socio-sexual systems. Individualisation theory is seen as largely resting on the evidence of qualitative work using purposive samples of particular social groups in particular contexts and localities. They do not often use representative samples or total population figures which can accurately portray overall social patterns. According to Sayer (1992) individualization theorists have used intensive research design which are indeed in-depth and able to access social process more directly, and understand its context but points out that such work needs to be complemented by extensive research on patterns and distributions, using representative survey for example. Duncan and Edwards (1999) share the same view that the use of both intensive and extensive research designs will enable generalizations to be made. In addition intensive work will enable better interpretation of the representative patterns revealed by extensive work and to link process to pattern directly rather than depending upon post-hoc deduction, (Duncan and Edwards 1999). Critics of the individualisation theory have argued that the theory underplays the significance of the social and geographical patterning of values and behaviour and neglects the importance of local cultural and social contexts. According to Duncan and Irwin structures of economic necessity, social groups and moral codes have not gone away, although they may have changed. Family forms are still deeply influenced by local structural conditions or contexts and although people might be less constrained by older traditions, this does not necessarily mean individualisation. The traditional structures of class, gender, religion and so on have a continuing importance, (Duncan and Irwin, 2004, 2005). Individualisation theory assumes that individuals can exercise choice and shape their lives. However, the theory has been criticized for taking insufficient account of the context in which individuals make their choices. Critics of individualisation have pointed out, peoples capacity to make choices must depend in large measure on their environment, whether for example, on the constraints of poverty, social class and gender, or, more positively, on the safety net provided by the welfare state (Lasch, 1994; Lewis, 2001a). According to Lupton and Tulloch, (2002), peoples choices may depend in part on the consideration they give to the welfare of others, and on how far others influence the way in which they frame their choices. In addition, the context in which people are making their choices is constantly shifting. Thus the meaning of what it is to be married, or to be a parent has changed and continues to change. Charles and Harris (2004) have argued that choices regarding work/life b alance are different at different states of the lifecycle. Scholars have examined public attitudes towards marriage and cohabitation in order to assess whether the trends in statistics confirm the deinstitutionalisation of marriage (Cherlin, 1994), in which an increase in the acceptability of cohabitation can be interpreted as evidence for weakening of the social norms. Using data from a number of British Social Attitude Surveys, Barlow et. al. found clear evidence of changing public attitudes. More and more people in the United Kingdom were accepting cohabitation both as a partnering and parenting structure, regardless of whether it is undertaken as a prelude or alternative to marriage. In 1994, 70 per cent agreed that People who want children ought to get married, but by 2000 almost half (54 per cent) thought that there was no need to get married in order to have children; cohabitation was good enough. They found increasingly liberal attitudes to pre-marital sex, with the proportion thinking that it was not wrong at all increasing from 42 per cent in 1984 to 62 per cent in 2000. By 2000 more than two-thirds of respondents (67 per cent) agreed it was all right for a couple to live together without intending to get married, and 56 per cent thought it was a good idea for a couple who intend to get married to live together first. Studies by Dyer (1999) and Barlow et al. (2005) found there was a clear difference in attitudes towards cohabitation from young and old generations, indicating a shift in social viewpoint to an acceptance of cohabitation. The younger age groups were more likely to find cohabitation acceptable than older age groups, but all age groups had moved some way towards greater acceptance of pre-marital sex and cohabitation. Barlow et al. argue that over time there is a strong likelihood that society will become more liberal still on these matters, although particular groups, such as the religious, are likely to remain more traditional than the rest. This change in public attitude is echoed by former Home Secretary, Jack Straw who was quoted in the Daily Mail as saying the important thing is the quality of the relationship, not the institution itself (Daily Mail, 16th June, 1999). This acceptance in politics as well as in society is probably one reason why people drift into cohabitation. Barlo w et a!. suggest Britain will probably move towards a Scandinavian pattern, therefore, where long- term cohabitation is widely seen as quite normal, and where marriage is more of a lifestyle choice than an expected part of life. Barlow et al, however, do not interpret the public attitudes to indicate the breakdown or end of marriage as a respected institution. In the 2000 survey, 59 per cent agreed that marriage is still the best kind of relationship. A mere 9 per cent agreed that there is no point getting married it is only a piece of paper, while 73 per cent disagreed. Despite the increasing acceptance of cohabitation, Barlow et al. therefore argue that, overall, marriage is still widely valued as an ideal, but that it is regarded with much more ambivalence when it comes to everyday partnering and   parenting. While only 28 per cent agree that married couples make better parents, just 40 per cent disagree figures virtually unchanged since 2000, (Barlow et al, 2005) According to Barlow et al. (2005), there is a body of   qualitative research that shows that for many cohabitants, living together is seen as a form of marriage rather than an alternative. Moreover, just as the majority think that sex outside marriage is wrong, the same applies to sex outside cohabitation: the large majority of cohabitants, over 80 per cent, think that sex outside a cohabiting relationship is wrong, (Erens et al., 2003). These findings give little support to the notion that many people cohabit outside marriage because cohabitation is more congruent with a project of the self, as individualisation theory would have it (Hall, 1996). Instead research seems to indicate that many traditional norms about relationships still hold true and cohabitation is seen as the equivalent of marriage. According to Barlow et al, (2008), cohabitation is socially accepted as equivalent to marriage and whilst marriage is seen as ideal, social attitudes show great tolerance to differ ent styles of partnering and parenting relationships.